Examining the healthy human microbiome concept

Our bodies are home to trillions of microbes that play a vital role in our health, influencing digestion, immunity, and even brain function. While scientists are still uncovering the full complexity of these microbial communities, industries and healthcare are already finding ways to use them for treatments and products. However, one major challenge in microbiome research is defining what a “healthy” microbiome looks like, as it can vary greatly between individuals and over time. This article explores the progress made in understanding the microbiome, highlights gaps in knowledge, and outlines a plan for future research to better harness its benefits for human health.

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Joos, R., Boucher, K., Lavelle, A. et al. Examining the healthy human microbiome concept. Nat Rev Microbiol 23, 192–205 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-024-01107-0